Le potassium c’est dangereux, c’est un des premiers trucs qu’on apprend en médecine : il ne fait pas bon avoir 7 mmol/l de potassium dans le sang et il faut être très vigilant lors des prescriptions de supplémentation intraveineuse. Une kaliémie (très) élevée tue.
Cependant je préfère voir le potassium à 4,5 qu’à 3,5 mmol/l sur le ionogramme de mes patients, surtout en contexte post-opératoire. Il y a beaucoup de raisons qui concourent à trouver une hypokaliémie en post-opératoire : dénutrition, diminution des apports oraux, aspiration gastrique, diurétiques, nutrition parentérale, insuline. La renutrition trop rapide peut même aboutir à une hypokaliémie et une hypophosphorémie profonde avec des conséquences dramatiques. Il faut donc être particulièrement méfiant chez les grands dénutris, anticiper et surveiller.
Le potassium est le principal cation intracellulaire. Il est indispensable au maintient de la polarisation cellulaire et le travail de la Na/K ATPase représente probablement à l’échelle de l’organisme une proportion énorme de notre dépense énergétique de repos. Inutile de vous rappeler que le respect de ce gradient électrochimique est utile pour échapper à des tas de dysfonctionnements cardio-vasculaires ou neurologiques. Le potassium est également un cofacteur de la pyruvate kinase, enzyme plutôt utile.
Revenons à nos moutons : la kaliémie « normale-haute ». Pour ça j’essaye d’anticiper les apports chez les patients opérés, j’utilise préférentiellement le Ringer Lactate pendant les blocs, je veille à apporter régulièrement un peu de magnésium et je supplémente volontiers en phosphate dipotassique (contexte d’hypokaliémie/hypophosphorémie) ou en chlorure de potassium (en me souvenant de la chlorémie du patient). Il faut bien se souvenir que le pool potassique de l’organisme est énorme. Ainsi je pense qu’en dehors d’une fonction rénale précaire il est plus efficace d’apporter franchement le potassium (sur l’intervalle correct pour être safe bien sûr). Je retiens qu’il faut approximativement 200 mmol de potassium pour élever la kaliémie de 1 mmol/l chez un patient franchement carencé (attention aux contexte de transfert intracellulaire). 200 mmol d’ion K+ se trouve dans 15g de KCl
Par contre dès que la voie per os est utilisable, hop, potassium par la bouche, plus sécu et tout aussi utile ! De plus la physiologie est bien faite, si l’intestin et le rein sont fonctionnels ils ne se laisseront pas déborder par des apports élevés en potassium per os.
Je chasse donc activement les hypokaliémies qui favoriseraient la constipation, l’arythmie ou la faiblesse musculaire.
Je pense vraiment que la physiologie aime le potassium. Il y a beaucoup de travaux qui s’intéressent au déséquilibre entre les apports sodés et potassiques dans la genèse des pathologies cardio-vasculaires comme l’hypertension. Une alimentation riche en potassium (fruits et légumes) est régulièrement associée à des bénéfices sanitaires dans les études épidémiologiques.
D’autres sujets connexes sont passionnants comme l’utilité du mélange glucose-insuline-potassium (GIK) dans l’ischémie myocardique et les nouvelles pistes du rôle des pompes Na/K dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire. Mais c’est un tout autre sujet…
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