Suite de mes réflexions sur le fer en périopératoire. Les choses se décantent et sont plus claires dans ma tête. Ce qui m’intéresse ce sont les patients qui bénéficient d’une chirurgie pour un cancer. Dans ce contexte, nous avons souvent peu de temps entre la consultation et l’opération et il y a souvent une petite inflammation latente.
J’ai compris d’où venaient les seuils de 100 de ferritinémie voire 300 avec un CST < 20. L’étude des frères (?) Thomas utilise d’autres critères biologiques pour démontrer que la quantité de fer peut être un frein à l’érythropoïèse. Ça m’a donné du grain à moudre à défaut de me convaincre parfaitement (la proportion de patient avec une ferritine < 300 pour lesquels le fer est un facteur limitant est mince).
J’ai vu deux études prospectives sur le fer carboxymaltose en IV en dehors de chirurgie cardiaque et orthopédie « pure ». Celle de Khalafallah que Vifor met beaucoup en évidence et une étude coréenne que je trouve plus intéressante.
L’étude de Khalafallah a déjà pour écueil de comporter une population mixte, avec beaucoup d’orthopédie (80%). La différence entre fer IV ou rien en matière de remontée d’hémoglobine à 3 mois est non significative (mais notez hémoglobine est plus haute de 0,7 g/dl à 1 mois dans le groupe fer carboxymaltose). Le laboratoire met en évidence une diminution de la durée moyenne de séjour parmi les patients qui ont reçu du fer carboxymaltose, mais lorsqu’on regarde la médiane, c’est pareil (j’en déduis une fragilité de ce critère avec un ou deux patients qui ont fait exploser la DMS). Enfin, il y aurait un avantage sur une partie (santé physique) des critères de qualité de vie SF-36 et pas sur le score global du questionnaire. Bof bof. (Je note au passage que la VM de Vifor parle de l’étude « du Lancet » alors qu’il s’agit de « The Lancet Haematology » tout à fait respectable mais 7 fois moins d’IF que « The Lancet ».
Ensuite, il y a l’étude coréenne de Kim et al. Je la trouve superbe, un plaisir de lecture. Elle s’intéresse au problème pratique de la supplémentation en fer IV après une gastrectomie pour cancer passée la phase très aigüe de l’opération. En gros dans la semaine après l’opération ils ont randomisé les patients qui avaient moins de 9 d’hémoglobine entre fer carboxymaltose et placebo. Pour simplifier, les patients qui reçoivent le fer IV ont plus de chance de remonter leur hémoglobine au dessus de 11 g/dl au bout de 3 mois. Par contre, pas de changement de qualité de vie sur les questionnaires. Pas d’autre information sur un éventuel impact clinique lourd (un peu d’urticaire dans le groupe Ferinject : 2,3%, quand même globalement 6,8% d’EI vs 0,4% dans le groupe placebo).
Pour la chirurgie oncologique, je retiens :
- Pendant l’opération et en phase aigüe, je traite agressivement le saignement. Culots, PFC, TXA sont des outils à utiliser.
- le recul sur le fer carboxymaltose existe, les néphrologues (merci Stéphane) nous rapportent une utilisation au bon rapport bénéfice/risque dans une population fragile. Néanmoins, il y a toujours des risques à mettre dans la balance et il faut une biologie pour prescrire, je ne suis pas prêt à prescrire 1g de FERINJECT juste devant une anémie avec une notion flou de saignement ou de spoliation sanguine.
- le fer per os ça ne marche pas dans le contexte périopératoire, problèmes de délais, d’absorption, d’inflammation, etc.
- attention aux prises de sang inutiles (nous sommes déjà bien avancés chez nous dans ce domaine)
- si par chance nous voyons un patient longtemps à l’avance (>1 mois) pour une tumeur peu agressive par exemple, et qu’il y a une carence martiale, j’accepte d’envisager la prescription de fer jusqu’à une ferritine < 300 avec un CST < 20. A mon avis cette situation concernera moins de 10 patients par an dans notre service. Qu’il y ait une anémie ou pas, après une lourde chirurgie le stock de fer pourrait être un facteur limitant à la récupération, donc OK pour intervenir et passer du fer.
- si le patient a des comorbidités comme une insuffisance rénale, une MICI ou une insuffisance cardiaque, je serais un plus enclin à corriger la carence martiale vu que les travaux dans ce domaine sont plus solides qu’en périopératoire
- si le patient a beaucoup saigné en per-op ou en post-op immédiat, je reste patient et surtout je m’efforce de transmettre au médecin traitant la nécessité de suivre NFS/ferritine (à 1 mois, à 2 mois par exemple). En post-op immédiat, s’il y a eu des transfusions, il y a du fer apportés par les culots. De plus, dans la semaine qui suit l’opération, l’érythropoïèse est freinée par l’inflammation, il n’y a donc pas de raison de s’exciter à passer du fer IV.
- le fer carboxymaltose coûte à peu près 150 euros pour aujourd’hui aucun autre bénéfice prouvé autre que la remontée du taux d’hémoglobine, à avoir ne tête avant la prescription
- il y a une réflexion à mener pour être peut être un peu plus dans la surveillance armée face à une anémie bien tolérée. Beaucoup de travaux comparant la transfusion « facile » (liberal) à des transfusions avec des critères plus drastiques (restrictive) vont dans le sens d’un meilleur état clinique en limitant les transfusions
- je n’oublie pas mon adage « qui a saigné thrombose »
D’autres avis ?
P.S. nous avons rédigé un modèle de courrier pour les autres correspondants et surtout le médecin traitant. Quand nous administrons du fer IV nous donnons désormais ce courrier au patient :
"Cher consœur, cher confrère,
Nous avons administré ce jour du fer en intraveineux à XXXX
car nous avons constaté
hémoglobine à g/dl
ferritinémie à ng/ml
CSS à %
CRP à mg/l
De plus il y a : XXX
Ainsi, il nous parait judicieux de corriger la carence martiale. Nous vous remercions de poursuivre la surveillance en réalisant une NFS, une ferritinémie et un CSS vers XXXX
Les objectifs de ferritinémie sont entre 300 et 800 ng/ml et l’objectif de CSS est de plus de 20%. Les experts recommandent le dosage couplé CSS et ferritine en situation inflammatoire (CRP > 5). Muñoz, M. et al. An international consensus statement on the management of postoperative anaemia after major surgical procedures. Anaesthesia 73, 1418–1431 (2018)
La poursuite de fer per os est envisageable sous couvert de cette surveillance. Si l’anémie et/ou la carence martiale persistent, il convient alors probablement de reprendre un avis spécialisé pour rechercher un saignement occulte puis secondairement auprès d’un hématologue. (La cinétique usuelle de remontée est approximativement 1 g/dl d’hémoglobine par mois).
Notez que l’administration de fer carboxymaltose (FERINJECT) s’est déroulée sans évènement notable."
PPS sept 2020 bel article du Lancet : https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31539-7/fulltext#.X1LIOIUk2oE.twitter
UPDATE 28/02/2023
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(22)00402-1/fulltext
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Kim YW, Bae JM, Park YK, Yang HK, Yu W, Yook JH, et al. Effect of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose on Hemoglobin Response Among Patients With Acute Isovolemic Anemia Following Gastrectomy. JAMA [Internet]. 2017 May 23 [cited 2018 Nov 8];317(20):2097–104. Available from:
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3 réponses sur « Faut-il faire du fer en périopératoire, partie 2, chirurgie cancérologique »
Bonsoir,
Que penses-tu du ferinject en post-op d’ostéotomie type Lefort?
Dans mon équipe, on a eu plusieurs fois le cas de jeunes patients (souvent des jeunes filles) 40-50 Kg avec chirurgie relativement hémorragique et qui se sont retrouvés à 7g en post.
Mes collègues prescrivent dans ce cas du ferinject et je m’interroge…
A noter que l’on ne fait pas de dosage de ferritine systématique en préop, peut-être devrait-on? Une jeune patiente a été transfusée récemment (6 g d’Hb en post-op, je me demande si le bénéfice-risque est vraiment en faveur de la transfusion, je crois que j’aurais évité de transfuser mais je ne me suis pas occupée de la patiente).
Je m’interroge aussi sur l’Exacyl, très à la mode lui aussi. Je n’arrive pas à savoir si en faire sur ce type de chirurgie est bénéfique.
Ton avis m’intéresse!
Bonjour,
merci pour vos intéressantes questions et pardonnez moi de ne pas avoir répondu plus tôt ! Se posent beaucoup la question du toujours plus versus attitude plus attentiste. Il y a un biais cognitif qui nous pousse à intervenir avec un médicament je pense (idem le remplissage en garde pendant le tour du soir pour les petites diurèses…)
1) Je pense que vous avez compris à travers mes billets que je pense qu’on en fait un peu trop autour du fer IV en périopératoire. Certes je suis le premier à vouloir éviter une transfusion mais l’efficacité me parait très modérée et le prix+les EI du fer IV me rebutent.
2) Je pense qu’une jeune fille ASA 1 à 7g d’hémoglobine va remonter la pente tranquillement. Je ne prescris pas de fer sans ferritine et/ou CSS. J’ai eu un patient (Rendu-Osler) pour lesquel j’étais persuadé qu’il était très carencé à qui j’ai voulu faire du fer après une consult’ d’anesthésie pour lui éviter une transfusion périop et il a fait une urticaire très invalidante !! Au final il avait une ferritine autour de 100… je me suis mordu les doigts.
Donc
a) leur faire une ferritine préop me parait être une bonne idée
b) leur faire du fer IV post-op why not mais il n’y a pas vraiment de science pour soutenir que les patients vont drastiquement mieux au bout de deux mois
c) je ne sais pas interpréter une ferritine post-op. Il y a des trucs sioux d’hémato (cf biblio) pour évaluer en situation inflammatoire mais je n’ai rien compris
3) Sur l’Exacyl, j’étais très frileux pendant des années, notamment en obstétrique. Il parait que tout est rassurant bla bla bla… Comme pour les autres médicaments il faut faire une décision individuelle. En ORL je l’utilise peu parce que nos interventions les plus hémorragiques sont les chirurgies oncologiques avec reconstruction par lambeau et le rapport bénéfice risque me parait défavorable. Je l’utilise plus volontiers pour la chirurgie sinusienne surtout si Rendu-Osler.
La vraie question est : faut il vraiment opérer ?
Vrai question de radiothérapeute cela dit
Ok je troll un peu.
Bel article!