Lorsque l’on s’immerge dans la blogosphère nutritionnelle, des messages contradictoires surgissent dans tous les sens. Le cas des protéines ne fait pas exception, et il faut dire qu’en se penchant sur la littérature scientifique la confusion n’est pas évidente à lever.
Un livre à succès, « Le rapport Campbell« , nous explique sans prendre de pincettes que les protéines animales sont toxiques, alors que d’autres prônent le salut par une alimentation très riche en viandes. Qui a raison ? Un peu tout le monde dans une certaine mesure, car ces opinions ne sont que l’expression poussée à l’extrême de parcelles de vérités bien établies.
En matière de nutrition, il est bien rare qu’un aliment ait un impact radical. La dose fait le poison, ou le médicament : très souvent, on observe une courbe en U décrivant les effets bénéfiques ou néfastes en fonction de la dose consommée. La dose, mais aussi la durée, la répétition de l’exposition. Ensuite, il faut considérer le contexte dans lequel la recommandation prend son sens. Et finalement, il faut savoir sur quel critère on se base pour évaluer le bénéfice ou le risque présenté par un aliment : poids, marqueurs métaboliques, manifestation de symptômes d’une affection, longévité… ce qui est bon pour l’un ne se traduit pas nécessairement par un bénéfice pour les autres.
Pour la restriction des protéines.
Il est bien établi depuis des décennies que pour large palette d’organismes vivants la modération des apports caloriques accroît la longévité. Mais comme on peut limiter les calories de bien des façons, les chercheurs se sont demandé quels facteurs étaient réellement importants. Finalement, il n’y a pas un facteur unique pour expliquer complètement cet effet, mais la limitation de la consommation de protéines semble être un élément majeur. Certains acides aminés composant les protéines semblent particulièrement impliqués dans la diminution de la longévité, notamment la méthionine. D’autres comme la glycine, à l’inverse, semblent protecteurs.
Par ailleurs, l’observation des habitudes de population reconnues pour vivre longtemps en bonne santé pointe aussi dans cette direction. Que ce soit à Okinawa ou ailleurs, les peuples champions de longévité (typiquement ceux répertoriés dans les « Blue Zones« ) consomment un peu moins de protéines que nous, et une plus grosse proportion de protéines d’origine végétale.
Pour une diète riche en protéine.
Une palanquée d’étude sur les sportifs suggère que pour faire du muscle il faut accroître la consommation de protéines. D’autres montrent qu’en avançant en âge l’espérance de vie est meilleure pour ceux qui mangent le plus de protéines. Dans ces deux cas, l’acide aminé « leucine » semble particulièrement bénéfique.
Les partisans de l’alimentation « paléo » pensent que notre diète optimale a été définie par l’évolution avant le néolithique, qu’elle était riche en protéines animales… et donc logiquement qu’il faut en manger de bonnes portions.
Mise en perspective
Le problème avec la proposition paléo, c’est que si l’évolution à sélectionné une diète (ce qui n’est pas si évident qu’on pourrait le croire) c’est sur les critères de la survie de l’espèce et de la reproduction, et non en terme de santé à long terme pour l’individu. Ce sont des critères très distincts. D’autre part, si nos vieux tirent bénéfice d’un surplus de protéines ceux des Blue Zones s’en passent fort bien : peut-être que la perte néfaste de masse musculaire avec l’âge est mieux compensée chez eux grâce à un niveau d’activité physique élevé toute la vie, là où chez nous il faut forcer sur la viande pour limiter les dégâts ?
Une étude récente a testé (sur des souris) l’impact d’un large éventail de ratios de protéines/glucides/lipides sur la longévité, avec des résultats très intéressants. Dans cette étude, les proportions de nutriments semblent jouer un rôle plus important que la limitation des calories. Les souris gagnantes en terme de longévité maximale sont celles qui ont consommé le moins de protéines et le plus de glucides. En second, pas bien loin, arrivent celles qui ont consommé le moins de protéines et le plus de lipides. Mais on parle là de la longévité moyenne des 10% qui vivent le plus longtemps. Si on considère la longévité médiane de tout un lot de souris, celles dont la diète comporte le plus de protéines s’en sortent mieux : les plus coriaces ne vivent pas aussi longtemps, mais il y en a bien plus qui atteignent un âge respectable.
Cela nous amène à rencontrer l’évidence : en phase de croissance, la restriction en protéine est néfaste. Mais ensuite elle semble être profitable. Cela confirme que le contexte joue beaucoup. Lorsqu’il y a un besoin de croissance, dans les jeunes années ou pour construire du muscle, une consommation généreuse de protéines est bénéfique. Ponctuellement. Mais en phase de croisière, il ne faudrait pas trop forcer la dose.
Si on cherche à comprendre pourquoi, diverses pistes s’ouvrent à nous. La première est que ce qui stimule la croissance est globalement bénéfique si… on est en croissance. Si ce n’est pas le cas, le stimulateur pourrait se retourner contre nous en favorisant la croissance de tumeurs, par exemple. Les protéines dans leur ensemble jouent ce rôle de stimulateur, mais sont aussi indispensables au système immunitaire qui… lutte contre les tumeurs ! Elles jouent ce rôle de stimulateur entre autres en agissant sur la sécrétion d’hormones telles que l’IGF-1, impliquée dans la longévité… et la croissance musculaire.
L’autre piste est que certains éléments associés aux protéines d’origine animale peuvent à long terme avoir un impact négatif. On parle beaucoup de mauvais gras ou du cholestérol à ce niveau, mais il y à bien d’autres choses : le fer héminique semble jouer un rôle, de même que divers composés générés par la cuisson à haute température, ou les nitrates/nitrites et additifs dans les charcuteries.
Le paradoxe du fromage
Source de protéines pourtant typiquement animale, le fromage ressort favorablement dans de nombreuses études. Il est certes encore plus gras que la viande, mais il est aussi exempt de beaucoup de ces « autres substances » potentiellement problématiques, sans parler de composés spécifiques qui pourraient être protecteurs : calcium, vitamine K2, CLA et autres « bons » gras. Le fromage est aussi très riche en méthionine, et très fortement acidifiant (ce qui est aussi censé être un problème selon certains).
Et donc ?
Tout est question de contexte. Certains éléments néfastes sont neutralisés ou contrebalancés par d’autres composants de la diète, tels que les fruits et les légumes.
Il faut aussi savoir que la méthionine est absolument nécessaire à notre survie, car c’est un des acides aminés dits essentiels ! Il ne s’agit surtout pas de chercher à l’éliminer de notre alimentation (ce qui serait d’ailleurs très difficile). Pensez à l’oxygène : il peut générer des composés toxiques dans notre corps, mais arrêter de respirer est plutôt mauvais pour la longévité.
La relative toxicité de la méthionine semble aussi compensée par d’autres acides aminés, présents en particulier dans les tissus riches en collagène : c’est peut-être pourquoi on aurait aujourd’hui un déséquilibre (du fait ne notre préférence pour le « pur muscle ») alors qu’un mélange plus favorable était spontané lorsque nos ancêtres consommaient « toute la bête ».
Là où le fer héminique peut en excès être source de problème chez nous, il était salvateur au paléolithique, alors que blessures et parasites étaient monnaie courante.
De la même manière, l’IGF-1 stimulée par les protéines n’est qu’un petit bout émergé de l’iceberg, car chaque composant de l’alimentation influence fortement la sécrétion non seulement d’IGF-1, mais aussi d’IGF-2… et de six IGF-BP qui régulent l’activité des IGFs ! Inextricable.
J’ai évoqué la méthionine, la glycine et la leucine, mais il y a une vingtaine d’acides aminés ayant chacun des rôles fonctionnels spécifiques, différents, synergiques ou antagonistes les uns des autres. Cela aide à mesurer la complexité potentielle de la tâche : impossible de définir son alimentation sur ces critères-là… d’autant que les connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine sont relativement limitées et évoluent sans cesse.
De manière intéressante, il faut savoir que les protéines végétales contiennent souvent un mélange de ces acides aminés possiblement plus favorable. C’est par exemple le cas des légumineuses, du sarrasin, des pistaches, des amandes, des noix de macadamia, ou des cacahuètes.
Et en pratique ?
Tout ça est extrêmement complexe, mais il est tout à fait inutile (et illusoire) de se prendre la tête avec des ratios d’acides aminés pour savoir quoi manger au prochain repas ! Cela apporte juste un certain éclairage pour comprendre quels mécanismes peuvent sous-tendre le succès des diètes modérées (mais pas trop) en protéines dans une optique de santé à long terme. Ou le succès des diètes plus riches pour stimuler la croissance ou entretenir la masse musculaire.
Pour moi, la leçon pratique de tout cela est finalement très simple : dans une optique de santé à long terme il est probablement bon de favoriser les sources végétales de protéines, qui apportent souvent de nombreux nutriments et composés intéressants, sans pour autant chercher à éliminer les aliments d’origine animale si on les apprécie.
D’autant plus que consommer la viande accompagnée de légumes et d’autres sources de phytonutriments/antioxydants limite considérablement la formation de composés potentiellement nocifs lors de la digestion.
Je consomme ainsi la majorité de mes protéines sous forme de céréales et de légumineuses, utilisant les produits animaux avec une relative parcimonie, mais sans culpabilité ni inquiétude. Ma diète se construit sur une certaine abondance de glucides « sains », une quantité modérée de gras et de protéines, dans un cadre globalement à 80-90% végétal… très proche de ce que l’on observe dans les Blue Zones.
P.S. oct 2016 des articles intéressants sur la physiopath’ des effets nocifs des protéines dans l’alimentation içi et là.
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18 réponses sur « Protéines, acides aminés, santé et longévité : une vue d’avion. »
Merci beaucoup à Renaud (@essentiel_net) pour ce premier exo-article sur hic et nunc 🙂
A propos de la supplémentation en protéines, je pense que
1) oui dans un contexte compétitif sportif il y a des besoins en protéines augmentés par rapport aux congénères. Donc là FEU VERT (en post effort et fractionné sur la journée, avec une préférence pour le lactoserum)
2) Pour des raisons multifactorielles (mastication, coût, croyances, diminution de l’activité physique) les personnes âgées perdent du muscle (sarcopénie).
Dans cette situation, une sorte de cercle vicieux s’installe car l’intestin capte alors probablement l’écrasante majorité de leurs apports protéiques et le muscle n’a pas les moyens de se maintenir, il existerait même une autophagie pour nourrir les besoins d’autres organes et du système immunitaire en AA). En perdant du muscle, la personne âgée perd de l’autonomie et la force nécessaire pour entretenir son système musculo-squelettique, créer les conditions stimulant son maintien en quelque sorte.
Donc chez la personne âgée, apporter des boli d’AA, notamment les ramifiés pourraient être bénéfique en saturant la consommation intestinale, il resterait des AA disponibles pour les autres systèmes. Pour que ces AA fassent du bon muscle il faut coupler les boli d’AAR (LEU +++ dns la littérature) à de l’activité physique.
Et j’avais écrit un autre truc sur le métabolisme protéique par là : http://www.nfkb0.com/2011/01/30/metabolisme-proteique-pour-le-sportif-basics/ mais ça date déjà un peu et je serais plus enclin aujourd’hui à bien cibler 1,8 à 2 g/kg d’apports protéiques par jour quand les entrainements sont intenses pour favoriser la récup et limiter les risques infectieux
Merci pour l’invitation !
Super l’article .
Merci
2 remarques
Serait-il possible d’avoir les références ?
Les CLA protecteurs ! J’avoue être surpris .
Même s’ils sont dans le fromage !!!!
Des articles sur le(s) CLA https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzS0E5yfWgyvUGRtOEtPdmxza2M/view?usp=sharing j’espère que ça va fonctionner
Merci pour le commentaire.
Je n’ai pas mis les références car c’est vraiment une vue d’avion, et il faudrait presque 2 ou 3 études à chaque phrase. Et comme en plus je suis très mal organisé avec mes références…
Sinon, je ne vais certainement pas prendre prendre de CLA en supplément ! Il y a des études très contradictoires sur le sujet. Pour moi ils font surtout parti du complexe nutritionnel caractéristique qu’est le fromage… quel est leur rôle réel au final, ce n’est **vraiment** pas clair, mais certains le pensent positif ( Un résumé ici :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661800907357 ).
si tu me donnes quelques liens pubmed clés je complète avec une biblio en deux coups de cuillères à pot
Pour les CLA, j’ai un peu lâché l’affaire il y a un moment mais pour moi l’affaire était entendu : néfaste en tant que complément alimentaire.
Il en existe naturellement dans le fromage , c’est une chose entendue. De là à en faire quelque chose de bénéfique , j’avoue que comme tu écris ce n’est **vraiment** pas clair.
D’autant qu’il y a du « business » derrière cela et comme à chaque fois cela « trouble » le message .
En tout cas merci pour l’article .
On est bien sur la même longueur d’onde ! Et il y a une tonne de compléments alimentaires (y compris dans les sacro-saintes vitamines) qui ont montré leurs limites voire leur dangerosité… sauf prescription motivée, bien entendu.
Le problème dans l’esprit d’une majorité c’est que si un truc est montré comme bon, alors plus de ce truc est sensé être encore meilleur… et bien sur, sans tenir compte le moins du monde du contexte…
Content que l’article plaise. C’est une première pour moi, et je remercie encore chaudement Rémi pour l’opportunité offerte.
(Rémi, tu t’arraches pas trop les cheveux avec ma liste d’études ?)
Quelques études en rapport avec l’article :
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/84/6/1456.full
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/43/5/2150.short
http://www.okicent.org/docs/anyas_cr_diet_2007_1114_434s.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815731/
http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(14)00065-5
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf703700d
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11728810
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/92/1/34.full
http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/18/5/1333.long
http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(14)00062-X
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673798/
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2005.00152.x/full
http://advances.nutrition.org/content/1/1/31.full
Désolé pour le bordel, mais ce sont juste des fichiers que j’ai dans un dossier, sans plus d’organisation. Va bien falloir que je m’y mette…
ouvre un compte Zotero 🙂
Super
Merci
Bravo pour ton article 😉
Juste une idée en passant : les protéines sont hautement liées à leur potentiel acidifiant (même si certains font des pieds et des mains pour dire que c’est faux, de peur que leur régime soit pas bon – damage control).
D’ailleurs, en creusant, on en avait discuté : la méthionine, comme la cystéine, sont des acides aminés soufrés, et le soufre est particulièrement acidifiant ( bonus : http://www.chups.jussieu.fr/polys/biochimie/CNbioch/POLY.Chp.7.html ). Modération est maitre mot.
Je ne suis pas certain que réduire les problèmes dus à trop de protéines se réduisent à un problème d’acidification : notons juste, quand même que ça se rejoint…peut-être source de confusion.
Merci Sylvain. Et oui, ça fait probablement parti des facteurs qui jouent.
Là encore l’impact est très dépendant du contexte alimentaire. Une grosse entrecôte avec deux feuilles de kale (à la mode de certains paléo) n’a sans doute pas le même effet qu’une énorme salade verte avec quelques miettes de Feta (à la mode grecque)… bien que le fromage soit dans l’absolu plus acidifiant.
Hé oui, et ce d’autant plus que plus les années passent, plus les feuilles de choux sont caustiques, et nous on est de plus en plus aigris !
Super article 🙂 Et voir Renaud écrire un article, qui plus est ici, c’est cosy 🙂
Bravo pour votre vue d’avion…mais cela reste du vol en IFR! , Pour résumer, d’une autre façon, nous pourrions dire : « plus ça va, moins ça va » car les expérimentations avec une vue centrée sur quelques détails , les angles d’attaques du regard aboutissent souvent à des conclusions diamétralement opposées. Personnellement, je me pose de plus en plus la question de la validité de notre démarche dite scientifique. Par ailleurs, une autre problématique extra nutritionnelle, est la pollution et le mode de production agricole qui doivent aussi influencer notre santé et parasiter des conclusions. Ainsi, un œuf de poule élevé en cage ou en champs avec des aliments différents, aura un profil lipidique bien différent. Pour finir, notre microbiome intestinal semble être un élément de plus en plus important dans le maintien de la santé, d’une bonne nutrition, ou à l’origine de perturbations.
Comment trouver la vérité à travers cette complexité ?
Ainsi, pour les CLA, les 9-11 et les 10-12, si ma mémoire ne me fait pas défaut et selon le rapport publié par l’Afssa il y a longtemps, les effets étaient diamétralement opposés…
Ainsi, si un bon statu, obtenu par l’alimentation, en oméga 3 est accepté par tous comme objectif nutritionnel et moyen de prévention, ce bon statu est un facteur de risque du cancer de la prostate…
Et si la seule optimisation possible, en matière de nutrition, était la diversité alimentaire, face à notre ignorance et face au concept de la prétention de l’homme d’optimiser ?
Se faire plaisir, et varier les plaisirs, en mangeant, ce n’est pas mal non plus comme voie de conduite nutritionnelle.
C’est exactement ça !
Oui, et les camps nutritionnels opposés sont très forts pour choisir les études dont les conclusions les arrangent. Pour les paléo la choline est miraculeuse, alors que lectines et phytates sont diaboliques. Chez les végans c’est tout l’inverse !
Ton exemple sur les oméga 3 est pile dans la cible.
Je ne doute pas de la validité des études, en général, mais le problème réside vraiment dans la nature réductionniste de l’approche. Certainement qu’une substance à un effet X, mais d’une part elle a aussi bien d’autres effets, et d’autre part elle n’est jamais présente seule : une diète c’est un paquet d’aliments avec des myriades de substances bioactives, et non une petite poignée d’extraits purifiés.
Je suis très largement du même avis.
En matière de style de vie, les études sur les habitudes de populations connues pour être longtemps en bonne santé me semblent plus porteuses d’enseignements que les études les plus pointues sur telle ou telle substance.
Et puis si on regarde les approches de tout bord « qui marchent », il faut aussi reconnaitre qu’il y a un faisceau de convergence majeur : une modération non volontaire de la consommation de calories associée à une grande richesse nutritionnelle et au plaisir de manger, de vivre et de se bouger.
Excellente approche, je ne suis pas médecin , je n ai donc pas votre sciences de la complexité des interactions au sein de notre corps humain ,mais mon expérience personnelle se retrouve parfaitement dans l esprit de ton propos et surtout dans tes questionnements. Les parties pris, les biais cognitifs ou bien de confirmation nous font allez vers des raisonnements avec des conclusions très réductionnistes et totalement décontextualisés.Est ce que ce sont les écrous des pneus de ma voiture qui sont les pièces les plus importantes de ma voitures ? Certainement si on considère que sans elle aucune mobilité n est possible, mais si je dois allez très vite mes injecteurs et leur gestions seront peut être les éléments à considérer en premier lieux etc etc…. mais au final est ce qu un ensemble équilibré serait surtout le point à considérer en tout premier lieux, dans une vision globalisante parce que la sytèmie est partout.
Concernant les aspects nutritionnels j en suis arrivé à la même conclusion que toi, la pluralité alimentaire est un garde fou aux excès qui peuvent se révéler à long terme préjudiciables (contexte, dose, fréquence…).
La diete méditerranéenne est un héritage mais aussi un savoir facilement accessible et sur laquelle nous avons du recul, ce qui n est pas le cas de cette nouvelle science micro nutritionnelle, parasitée par le marketing et la recherche de profit. Même si bien sûr il est intéressant de voir son évolution à maturité. Et surtout pour le quidam, devant la masse grandissante d études, parfois très pertinentes, ou trop orientées , parfois mal ficelées avec des protocoles bâclés ,mal échantillonnées, comment s y retrouver…inextricable comment avoir le recul nécessaire. Reste la confiance dans son médecin généraliste…….mais qui restent parfois pour certains tellement muets quand on aborde ces thèmes.