Les acides aminés ramifiés (AAR) sont à la mode. On commence à en voir apparaître de plus en plus dans les boissons de l’effort. Ces acides aminés doivent être apporté en quantités suffisantes pour en bénéficier. Je n’ai pas de données solides à vous présenter mais mon pifomètre dirait de l’ordre de 0,1 g/kg/jour.
Malheureusement la littérature scientifique n’arrive pas à nous expliquer s’il faut prendre ou non ces nutriments en complément de l’eau sucrée pendant un effort. De plus les AAR ont mauvais goût et sont difficilement miscible à l’eau ce qui pose problème pour créer sa boisson de l’effort soi-même à moindre coût.
J’ai trouvé récemment un paragraphe assez éclairant sur le sujet dans un ouvrage de référence sur la course à pied : « Lore of Running » de Tim Noakes. Je vous propose de vous traduire le texte et de creuser le sujet par vous même pour vous faire une opinion (intérêt, goût, prix, etc.) De mon côté je pense qu’ils ont probablement un intérêt en préparation/récupération de grosses séances mais probablement pas pendant la course.
Voici ce que je vous propose comme traduction :
« D’après la théorie de la commande centrale (central governor), la fatigue n’est rien de plus qu’une manifestation d’un mécanisme de contrôle central dont le but est de prévenir des lésions corporelles durant l’effort. Ce mécanisme de contrôle central est en fait un peu différent, un peu plus complexe que la fatigue périphérique qui résulte de modifications métaboliques dans les muscles sollicités. Une autre théorie de contrôle de l’effort envisage les variations métaboliques dans le cerveau comme principale source de fatigue. Ce modèle est parfois appelé « fatigue cérébrale » (central fatigue).
D’après ce modèle de la fatigue cérébrale, la fatigue est causée par l’accumulation cérébrale de métabolites dont le chef de fil serait la sérotonine (5-hydroxytryptamine). En se basant sur cette théorie, certains ont proposé de moduler cette fatigue cérébrale en optimisant certains apports nutritionnels pour diminuer l’accumulation de sérotonine dans le cerveau durant l’effort. Ainsi, en ingérant des sucres et des acides aminés ramifiés il existerait un effet positif pour le coureur en diminuant la sérotonine cérébrale, retardant ainsi la sensation de fatigue.
Certains scientifiques pensent que la concentration cérébrale de sérotonine est étroitement liée à a la concentration sanguine de son précurseur : le tryptophane. L’effort augmente le tryptophane libre plasmatique parce que l’augmentation des acides gras libres (AGL) plasmatique durant l’effort pique la place du tryptophane sur le transporteur « multifonctions » du plasma : l’albumine.
La concentration plasmatique d’AGL augmentant au fur et à mesure que les muscles s’appauvrissent en glycogène, le taux de tryptophane plasmatique et théoriquement le taux de sérétonine cérébrale augmenteraient en parallèle. Selon cette théorie, ce signal est traduit par le cerveau en fatigue.
Le passage dans le cerveau du tryptophane à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique est contrôlé par un transporteur qui gère également les acides aminés ramifiés. Si la théorie de la fatigue cérébrale est correcte, pour retarder la fatigue il faut ingérer des sucres qui retarderont l’augmentation des AGL et il est souhaitable d’augmenter la concentration plasmatique des AAR qui vont alors rentrer en concurrence avec le tryptophane et freiner son passage vers le cerveau. Plusieurs études ont montré des résultats allant dans ce sens :
- le tryptophane (TRP) libre augmente linéairement avec l’augmentation des AGL dans le plasma
- dans la même lignée, le ratio TRP/AAR augmente au fil de l’effort
- l’absorption de sucres pendant l’effort améliore la performance et modère l’augmentation d’AGL, et aussi de TRP. Ces modifications devraient moduler les concentration de sérotonine cérébrale mais malheureusement ceci n’a pas été bien étudié (NDT -sic- : édition 2001)
- les antagonistes de la sérotonine cérébrale améliore la performance chez les rats tout comme les médicaments qui diminuent le fonctionnement des récepteurs à la sérotonine. A l’opposé, les médicaments qui diminuent le métabolisme et la dégradation de la sérotonine diminuent l’endurance chez des humains.
Ces constatations amènent à la question de savoir si les AAR pris durant l’effort améliore la performance dans les sports d’endurance. Bloomstrand et al ont montré que la performance chez des coureurs amateurs sur marathon pouvait être améliorée, ça n’était pas le cas chez les élites. Quoi qu’il en soit beaucoup d’autres études n’ont pas trouvé les mêmes résultats. Une des raisons pourrait être que la prise d’AAR durant l’effort augmente les concentrations plasmatiques d’ammonium (NH4+). Et ce dernier est probablement intégré par le cerveau comme un signal de fatigue venant de la périphérie. »
Ainsi en voulant moduler l’un des signaux de la fatigue on en crée un autre… Il n’est donc probablement pas souhaitable d’incorporer des AAR dans les boissons de l’effort. Mais après, quid de la glutamine … ? 😉 We need more studies to bla-bla.
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13 réponses sur « Acides aminés ramifiés (BCAA) et boisson de l’effort »
Et donc les gens sous inhibiteur de serotonine serait plus sujet à la fatigue ?
Intéressant en tout cas !
je ne sais pas si on peut se permettre de faire des liens avec la pharmacologie en psychiatrie mais dans le sport il semblerait que l’accumulation de sérotonine et/ou l’utilisation d’IRS diminuent les performances en endurance.
Plusieurs hypotheses pour expliquer l’action du bcaa: soit le bcaa active la dégradation intraneuronale de la serotonine, soit il agit comme un antagoniste enzymatique avec le tryptophane pour la synthese de la serotonine, je pencherais Plus pour cette hypothese, vu la certaine ressemblance moléculaire des deux molécules, mais aucune certitude là dessus.
Vi vi, les gars évoquaient la compétition entre Trp et AAR au niveau du transporteur sur la BHE
Ou alors tout simplement le bcaa qui est un acide aminé pénetre la bhe ce qui diminue le laquantitéde tryptophane dispo pour le cerveau
La théorie de la fatigue centrale, mettant en avant la sérotonine, de la compétition entre TRP et AAR au niveau de la barrière centrale, a, me semble-t-il été abandonnée. Il y aurait même, un certain Mathews (1999), dixit Jeukendrup et Gleeson qui verrait un effet protecteur de TRP..
Poortmans voit dans la LEU, composant des AAR, un AA important du cycle « AAR-alanine-glucose » pour la néoglucogénèse. Par ailleurs, une des voies métaboliques de la LEU est celle de la production de HMB, qui modère la protéolyse. Ne peut-on pas se poser néanmoins la question de l’intérêt des AAR en ultra endurance et distinguer l’utilisation des boissons glucidiques. Un semi, un marathon, n’est probablement pas identique à la « Diagonale des Fous ».
je suis tout à fait d’accord avec vous sur l’hypothèse d’une utilisation en ultra. Seulement comment on en discutait plus haut dans les commentaires ou sur kikourou.net -je ne sais plus- mon topo concerne les *boissons* de l’effort. Je pense que sur un ultra il devient important de trouver des protéines dans du solide à travers des barres aux fruits secs notamment.
La leucine est également très à la mode dans la thématique de la protéolyse et de la sarcopénie que ça soit en oncologie ou en gériatrie. Il y a de plus en plus de CNO enrichis en LEU. De plus donner en bolus la LEU saturerait la consommation des entérocytes pour la rendre disponible pour les muscles. Cette histoire de « grosses doses » de LEU me fait aussi imaginer qu’il est impensable de la diluer dans une boisson hydrique (à la différence de l’aspect lacté d’un CNO) sans détériorer la palatabilité et le goût
bon we !
Le 10 juin 2012 11:06, Disqus a écrit :
[…] j’adore les citations de Tim Noakes dans l’article… c’est l’auteur dont je vous avez déjà un peu parlé là This entry was posted in conso, nutrition, sport and tagged arnaque, endurance, hydratation pour […]
tu connais les effets précis des BCAA pour les sports de force/ endurance musculaire (aka :Crossfit) ?
j’ai entendu parler d’utilisation par les muscles de ces AA directement pendant l’effort ?? true story ?
merci d’avance
Je pense que c’est pas forcément un problème énergétique, plutôt un signal positif pour entreprendre de la synthèse protéique après l’effort, mais comme on en a déjà parlé, la whey apporte aussi plein de BCAA, meilleur gout et moins cher
Bonjour,
Je prends du seropram depuis des années à cause de troubles anxieux généralisés et de crises de panique liés à un état de stress post-traumatique. A plusieurs reprises, j’ai voulu faire du sport d’endurance (course à pied, vélo, rameur) pour essayer de me « reprendre en main » et sortir des médicaments. A chaque fois, après des délais variables (entre 15 minutes et deux heures), j’ai été pris d’une sensation de fatigue intense et même d’une sensation de malaise (vertige et nausée). J’ai parfois essayé de persister pour voir si la sensation disparaîtrait mais au contraire, elle s’intensifie jusqu’à m’obliger à m’arrêter. J’ai lu votre article, je ne suis absolument pas un spécialiste de tout ça. Je voudrais juste savoir :
1) Si mon traitement peut effectivement me gêner lors d’un exercice physique.
2) Si, le cas échéant, je pourrais prendre des compléments alimentaires pour réduire cet effet indésirable de mon médicament.
Merci par avance si vous avez le temps de me lire et de me répondre !
Guillaume
Bonjour,
la médecine sur Internet c’est un mauvais plan. Le mieux serait d’en parler avec vos médecins.
Vous semblez bien vous prendrez en main, continuez 🙂
Vous avez raison, merci pour vos encouragements.